By Jerome L. Singer and Dorothy G. Singer, Yale University
One of the greatest developments of the nineteenth century in industrial Europe, Canada and the United States was the recognition that children were no longer to be forced into slave-like labor from their earliest years. The health of society depended on treating children as a special category of humans, protected as much as possible from physical and social exploitation and exposed to the best available medical care and to opportunities for reasonable education. As a result, constitutional and legal regulations were widely established for the care of children. In a recent challenging New York Times Op-Ed article, Joel Bakan, a Canadian Professor of Law, has identified a serious issue, corporate uses of the electronic media to influence children’s buying choices; thus threatening their psychological, social, and even their physical development.
The crisis has emerged as corporations in the United States have been recognized as legal persons. Hence, their efforts in commercial areas to induce and encourage product sales have been protected under “freedom of speech” principles. A recent law in California that would prohibit the sale of violent videogames to children has been overturned by the Supreme Court in 2011 on free speech grounds, despite considerable research concerning the possible harmfulness of such devices. Only Supreme Court Justice Breyer’s dissent took systematic social science research seriously.
Children’s use of the media
We are concerned that young children are exposed by the electronic media to advertisements for potentially unhealthy foods and beverages, and also to numerous television programs and computer games that glorify violence. Children between the ages of 2 and 7 see an average of 13,904 television commercials per year, compared to 30,155 for 8 to 12 year-olds. A significant number of these advertisements are for food and may be linked to the increase of obesity. Children during one week spend about 3 hours or more on cell phones, 8 hours playing video games, and more than 10 hours on computers. These are new outlets for advertising of products and also include the use of websites. In employing “advergaming,” a company provides interactive games featuring their products on its website hoping that potential customers will be attracted to the game, spend more time playing on the website, or simply become more product aware. Unfortunately, most of the food commercials promote low nutrient and high caloric foods or what we label “junk food.” Research indicates that less than 1% of a sample of more than 500 food ads on children’s programs in 2009 featured nutritional products such as fruits, vegetables or wholegrain breads.
Children are also the targets of toy companies, especially during the fall season leading up to Christmas. Older children are vulnerable to the tobacco and alcohol advertising in print and on billboards. There are now commercials for beer and for some hard liquors on television, mainly during sports programs which are frequently watched by the over-8 year old groups.
Violent videos
The video game industry is an $18 billion dollar business in the United States. Despite the recession, one of the most violent games, Grand Theft Auto (GTA), continues to sell. Grand Theft Auto IV, a leader in the video game field, sold 3.6 million copies in just one day after its release. About 70 million copies of other Grand Theft Auto editions have sold worldwide since its debut in 1997. In 2010, GTA: San Andreas was the third best selling game of all time.
Research taking into account similar variables in a large number of studies, indicates that the heavy playing of violent video games results in aggression in children as well as leading to less empathy, caring, or civil behavior in non-game situations. Furthermore, new brain research shows that those who play violent video games show physical desensitization in the form of brain responses to violent imagery. These brain differences in violent video game players lead to a breakdown in the motivational system which normally inhibits aggression. In the laboratory, violent video game players who showed these brain responses also behaved more aggressively when provoked. Isn’t it time for our legal and legislative policy-makers to pay attention to social science research in the area of children and the media?
Further reading
Bakan, J. (August 22, 2011). The kids are not all right. The New York Times, p. A19.
Singer, D.G. & Singer, J.L. (Eds). (2012). Handbook of Children and the Media. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Inc.
Singer, D.G. (Summer, 2009). Play and the search for identity in the cyberspace community. Washington and Lee Law Review 66, 3 (1003-1031).
14 Comments
It has been empirically researched that human is a product of nature, nuture and environment. However, the environment is considered the most influential, as it interacts with the human attitude formation, psychology, perception and behavioural tendencies. In addition, the human mind is a fertile ground for such attitude formation. The social media children are exposed to today represents an environment that is difficult to screen or flter considering the laws protecting their providers.Thus, we are helpless in our quest to control the kind of media our children consume. The highly commercialised society has been blinded by the drive for profit margins at the expense of highly cultured social values. The implications are that gradually a new foundation of antisocial cultural values are been entrenched while the desired norms are eroded. There is need for policy makers to wake up to their responsibilities by instituting the necessary constitutions which can safeguard and protect our children from the dangers the social media potend. We can not fold our hands and watch our whole value system fall apart like a pack of cards. As social Scientists, it’s a battle we have to take headlong. We are saddled with the responsibility of waging war against unhealthy social media misrepresentations. How to fight this battle should be the focus of our intellectual strength. If we don’t take the necessary steps now, we will all fall victim of and be consumed by the impending calamity it will deal our children and the future we are working hard to preserve. While the corporations are hiding behind the principle of “freedom of speech” without due consideration for ethics and social values, we, on our part, should take bold step towards elaborate counter-campaign or creation of awareness among stakeholders on the dangers embedded in the commercial campaigns of the corporations. Thanks.
Ayansola,
Rather than demonize corporations for hiding behind freedom of speech, how about demonizing good old fashioned parenting. You are aware that parents are a strong first building block for children. They are the first agent(s) of socialization depending on whether it’s a family or single parenting family. It begins at home, the Government cannot get involved in what you do in your own home, just as they cannot tell you how many children to have. Poverty starts when irresponsible people have children they know they can’t afford. If you can’t afford to support yourself, you should refrain from sex, or take precautions to prevent pregnancy. Responsibility for ones actions is the key. So basically EDUCATION at an early age in the ways of responsibility, manners and consideration towards others from kindergarten to 12th grade should be incorporated into our education system is my solution.
My daughter is almost 5. She does watch DVDs, but is very sensitive to “scary” ones, meaning anything violent or psychologically “scary.” She does love, TV, however, and demonstrates cranky “withdrawal” symptoms when I try to turn it off.
Honestly, the over-consumered society wants to marinate our children in a broth of advertising and materialism. It’s practically counter-culture to not let your kids watch TV, not let them eat crappy food that is the norm, or not take them to Disney movies. My daughter has not seen a single disney princess movie, but she knows all the princesses
Ultimately, it’s government’s responsibility to “correct” problems like obesity and the drug companies’ “mission” to help kids overcome ADHD, while industry continues to feed us and our children crap, lots of chemicals, and electronic stimulation. But, it would be sacreligious to hold businesses responsible.
The real challenge is for social scientists. They need to suggest new ideas in mending habits of children. Cartoon movies, vedeo games on environmental and other value based issues with as much attractions as other easily available business house sponsored and propagated visual materials must be given prominence with wide coverage with the help of UN and nation states so that futre generations could contribute more and more in the betterment of humanity.
talking about children education especially in such digital age, it must be taken into consideration that all technology devices (TV etc) can give harmful effects for children development. it can be worst if parents nowadays don’t pay attention to the issue.
the negative and harmful effects of media are now not only a considerable and mind boggling issue for west but its also getting its feet stronger in non industrial and eastern nations. the reason behind can be the changing world into a global village, easy accessibility to the world media, computer and other technology gadgets like mobiles, i-pads laptops etc. Secondly, the children and teenagers are now more inclind towards computer games, video games, television commercials including violent animated movies than playing physical games or being involved in productive activities, and the reason for this can be assumed to be less facilities for out door games, security conditions and lack of quality time provided by the parents or families, the case is some what similar for east and west. here in the eastern region the major problem is of lack of awareness about these issues in the general public and as the nations are developing they take the excessive use of latest gadgets by their of springs as a symbol of status, or interest in technology or a way of becoming hi tech.Therefore in all this mess they ignore the harmful effects of media, video or computer games on the physical, psychological and emotional as well as behavioral health. But unfortunately due ignorance on the part of communities, researchers, health professionals, parents the issue is getting worse in this region as its already been in west and Europe.
Here i must say that as world is getting smaller due day by day technology advancements, the issues are getting similar for east, west and even Europe, so in order to address these issues it will be more feasible to look at them collectively to ensure a better, safe and healthy environment not only for the western and European children but for the children of the whole world.
Obesity, violence, tobacco, alcohol… as the main topics about “Raising our children in an electronic media world”. I will also love to discuss more about positive aspects and challenges. When I think in the electronic media world and my daughter new topics emerge in my mind: is she going to learn to communicate (to use videos, website, social networks, mail for her communication goals)?, Is she going to be able to find accurate, rigorous, useful information to solve her problems? How is she going to organise her life to be able to get the maximum profit from electronic media? Is she going to be able to enjoy off-line pleasures (friends, family, nature, games, books, music and so on)?. Is she going to learn something about all this at the school?.
Every child , like the adult, is the product of our commercial culture that grows in the last decades. The only difference between them is that the child is the most potential and persistent buyer for these companies, able to convince even the most strict parent to consume. So, we are the ones to put the blame on this addictive process, which thrives in the subconscious context of the constant advertising via TV and the internet. The problem is not only the great responsibility that we have as adults or as teachers towards our kids, but also the fact that we do the same thing: we consume and we make money to achieve this goal, no matter how “natural” seems this goal for an adult. But for the children, as for the adults, pleasure and succeess and the need for the fulfilment of these two purposes, can justify the means. We have taught everybody that he or she should be always satisfied with as much goods as he/she can. Maybe it is time to reconsider the whole value system of our socioeconomical and cultural structure, and then redefine it. Of course that would be also a new taxonomy, but we need to start over, to create something new, disposed of the dominant material – centric politics. So the violence, the addiction to internet or video games, the massive advertising and the endorsement or the intolerance in this problem, is only the tip of the iceberg. Therefore, a correlation between these symptoms with the predominant socioeconomic context should include our dialogue, so to acknowledge, to record , to interpet and to suggest some of the evident or even implied presumptions concerning this issue.
Of course. It would be great if politicians paid more attention to social scientists. But until they do, perhaps it’s time that parents paid more attention too. I know too many progressive parents who decry the ill effects of advertising and violence in the media–and then continue to plop their kids in front of the TV and buy them violent games.
Indeed. The negative effects are not directly experienced at all, or to a lesser extent, by those who eliminate or reduce the exposer. While it is clearly true what has been put forward by this article, none of this occurs in a vacuum, way too many variables to start putting forth mindful policy initiatives that might have unintended, unjust restrictive outcomes, not to mention all the unmentioned, unanalyzed POSITIVE things that we take as granted, i.e. cell phone communication that enhances safety. Put it this way- If you have ever listened to US Supreme Court debate and discussions, it is rare to have one side be unequivicly convincing; they are all super sharp and make good points, never seems 100% clear to proceed one way or another. So, alas, we have to do “the right thing” whatever the cost, upside / downside, sacrifice etc. I do not play video games, my kids do sometimes, but they are internet games that generally use creative building of virtual farms or cities, and yes my boys do military stuff, but they look like Leggos. So we spend as much time as I can with them, never enough, but enough that I can know that we have done our best to teach them about relationships, love, kindness, patience etc., and that they will probably not kill 10 people to steal a car (or whatever that crazy game is!)
Of course. It would be great if politicians paid more attention to social scientists. But until they do, perhaps it’s time that parents paid more attention too. I know too many progressive parents who decry the ill effects of advertising and violence in the media–and then continue to plop their kids in front of the TV and buy them violent games.
Of course. It would be nice if policy makers paid attention to social scientists, but given that they aren’t, (or at least not enough of them are), perhaps we might call on parents to pay more attention to such research, and, more importantly, to act on their concerns. As you point out, studies showing the ill effects of advertising and violent video games have been around for a while, and I know many progressive parents who decry these effects as well . . . but they keep plopping their children in front of the tube and keep buying them games. I’m sceptical that we can convince politicians to act, or that passing legislation would be effective, unless we convince adults that kids will be ok without, or with a lot less, media exposure.
Every child , like the adult, is the product of our commercial culture that grows in the last decades. The only difference between them is that the child is the most potential and persistent buyer for these companies, able to convince even the most strict parent to consume. So, we are the ones to put the blame on this addictive process, which thrives in the subconscious context of the constant advertising via TV and the internet. The problem is not only the great responsibility that we have as adults or as teachers towards our kids, but also the fact that we do the same thing: we consume and we make money to achieve this goal, no matter how “natural” seems this goal for an adult. But for the children, as for the adults, pleasure and succeess and the need for the fulfilment of these two purposes, can justify the means. We have taught everybody that he or she should be always satisfied with as much goods as he/she can. Maybe it is time to reconsider the whole value system of our socioeconomical and cultural structure, and then redefine it. Of course that would be also a new taxonomy, but we need to start over, to create something new, disposed of the dominant material – centric politics. So the violence, the addiction to internet or video games, the massive advertising and the endorsement or the intolerance in this problem, is only the tip of the iceberg. Therefore, a correlation between these symptoms with the predominant socioeconomic context should include our dialogue, so to acknowledge, to record , to interpet and to suggest some of the evident or even implied presumptions concerning this issue.
The media especially the TV and the many programmes that are shown during prime time and other times, have strong impact on children’s mind. They are still very young and immature and would not be able to select the right message from the wrong message. Many programmes and advertisements are obnoxious and making children see these would onl affect their thinking adversely. The programmes that are capable of generating good value system and good habits and good thinking are important. A few porgrammes on the protection of environment, keeping surroundings clean etc will go a long way in creating these values in the children.
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